Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura

Complex heat exchange in brake friction pairs

Thu, 21 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In the article, the following issues are considered: general principles of complex heat transfer in friction pairs of brake devices; radiant heat exchange from the rough surfaces of the metal friction elements of the brakes; the combined action of the fields of thermal conductivity and radiation in the metal friction elements of the brakes. The role of the thermal and dynamic boundary layers resulting from air-washing of metal brakes with open friction pairs and their effect on cooling is discussed. A new relationship between the Biot and Nusselt criteria is shown, which is presented in the form of thermal resistances of the surface and near-surface layers of the brake pulley rim. A comparison of the combined action of the fields of thermal conductivity and radiation in the metal friction elements of the brakes showed that the radiation efficiency is 1.5–1.7 W·m^–2 times higher than the thermal conductivity. Radiation efficiency is the ratio of the power of the heat flux to the unit area through which the heat flux passes.

Development of advanced solar panel technologies in buildings – A review

Mon, 25 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In recent years, the global energy landscape has been undergoing a significant transformation, with renewable energy sources gaining prominence. Among these, solar energy has emerged as a leading ‘green energy’ option, particularly in India, which is at the forefront of this renewable energy revolution. This article focuses on the increasing relevance of solar energy, underlined by the widespread adoption of solar power in various sectors, including residential, commercial, and industrial. The centrepiece of this solar energy boom is the solar panel, primarily installed on commercial buildings, which harnesses solar energy and converts it into electrical power. These panels are composed of a network of solar cells, each crafted from layers of silicon, phosphorous, and boron, meticulously arranged to optimise energy absorption and conversion. The paper delves into the technological progress in the field of solar panel systems, emphasising their growing integration in different types of buildings. It discusses how these advancements not only enhance energy efficiency but also contribute significantly to the development of a more sustainable and environmentally friendly energy future. The article presents a comprehensive overview of the current state of solar panel technology and its potential implications for shaping a greener energy landscape.

Bridge management systems: an overview and comparison

Volodymyr Tyvoniuk, Roman Trach, Tomasz Wierzbicki — Wed, 27 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Bridges are one of the key elements of the transportation infrastructure of each country, and the reliability of the entire transportation network depends on their functioning. Maintaining bridges in proper technical condition is the main task of bridge management, for which more and more countries use bridge management systems (BMS). This study is devoted to comparing different BMS, reviewing the main functions and modules and determining the perspectives of development and implementation of the latest technologies in BMS. The analysed bridge management systems were compared by functions such as storage of bridge passport data, initial information on the bridge condition, assessment of the bridge condition, forecasting of the bridge condition and consideration of different maintenance strategies. Some systems are distinguished by the fact that they can predict future bridge condition, offer optimal maintenance strategies and take into account losses not only for the operation of structures, but also for transportation. Prospects for the development of BMS were also identified: the use of neural networks, the introduction of building information modelling (BIM) and the Internet of Things (IoT).

Hydraulic conductivity tensor of anisotropic soils: the impact on seepage flow

Md Khorshed Alam, Arvin Farid — Mon, 25 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Natural or artificial changes in soil stratigraphic-plane (i.e., the deposition of soil and sediments into distinct layers) orientation can cause variations in hydraulic conductivity in different direction. Hydraulic conductivity must, therefore, be considered – in this case – as a nondiagonal, full tensor to appropriately represent the effect of the orientation of soil stratigraphic planes on the seepage flow pattern. This paper introduces the derivation of the formula for the three-dimensional nondiagonal hydraulic conductivity full tensor calculation in terms of azimuth and vertical angles. Furthermore, two-dimensional numerical simulations of the seepage flow beneath a concrete dam are presented to demonstrate the need to account for the nondiagonal elements of the hydraulic conductivity tensor in anisotropic soils of varying degrees of stratigraphic tilt with respect to the coordinate system.

Fostering sustainable urban development: integrating school areas to support the city’s green-blue infrastructure

Maja Sutkowska, Anna Stefańska, Magdalena Daria Vaverkova, Yasuhiro Matsui — Mon, 11 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The effects of the climate crisis disproportionately affect people living in densely populated urban areas, presenting a major challenge for the 21st century. Urban administrators face a significant challenge in implementing sustainable development goals into practice, especially within the constraints of the current infrastructure. This paper evaluates how school zones – characterised by a significant amount of biologically active areas – are integrated into the city’s infrastructure to support the multiple uses of natural resources that improve urban living standards. A comprehensive analysis of current legislation, a review of the scientific literature, and a case study of selected schoolyards and school campuses, and renovations of these types of sites over the past decade focus on the evolution of school grounds and the formulation of green spaces and green-blue infrastructure. The paper’s conclusions outline the possibilities embedded in the evolution of schoolyards in the pursuit of sustainable development functioning and a list of the potentialities of urban ecological initiatives.

Pre-design analyses of the mutual relationship and location of multi-family buildings using the example of the architectural and spatial concept at Długosza 22a in Warsaw

Mikołaj Donderewicz, Kinga Rybak-Niedziółka — Mon, 25 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

When designing multi-family buildings on plots that have not yet been developed, an important element is their location and its careful preparation. Pre-design analyses allow for the simulation of various solutions in order to select the most advantageous location of individual volumes and accompanying spaces. Appropriate arrangement of architecture and other land development functions helps to meet a number of formal and legal requirements, but also provides an opportunity for effective and comfortable living in a future multi-family development. The aim of the study is to show the possibilities offered by pre-design analyses in terms of sunlight and the organisation of space between buildings. Another goal is to outline the benefits of performing such analyses. Thanks to them, it is possible to use compromise in design solutions when it turns out that individual variants of a building location have better or worse properties, or certain conditions are mutually exclusive. The results were presented in the form of variants, presenting various land development solutions and relating directly to the previously conducted analyses. The analyses presented in the article allow for precise formulation of conclusions, and their selection is justified by the possibility of transparent and graphical interpretation of the algorithms performed during design.

Transformational green sustainable concepts in the field of infrastructure

Mon, 25 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this comprehensive study, we explore the multifaceted world of green sustainable construction, highlighting innovative techniques and materials. This article presents an insightful exploration of green sustainable construction, focusing on the crucial aspects of architectural design, judicious material selection, and the adoption of optimal structural designs. Through comprehensive literature research supplemented by practical examples, it highlights several innovative construction methodologies that are at the forefront of green sustainable development. These include the use of lightweight framing, cladding systems, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), rammed earth, and straw bale construction, each contributing uniquely to environmental sustainability. The study brings to light the looming issue of raw material scarcity due to excessive exploitation, urging for sustainable material management in construction. It stresses the urgency of implementing effective pollution control measures within the construction sector, asserting that such practices are not just beneficial but essential for environmental conservation and sustainable development. This research contributes significantly to the field by providing a foundation for future exploration and advancements in sustainable construction practices.

The cyclical nature of dualistic trends in urban design. Historical analysis of the creative attitudes of selected masters over the centuries

Paulina Filas-Zając, Jacek Kwiatkowski — Thu, 21 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this article, the authors raise issues of dualistic solutions in urban design and city development. It should be noted at the outset that the very concept of duality is not obvious and is inherently ambiguous. The numerous definitions that exist are very general. We can distinguish several disciplines and scientific areas where the concept of dualism occurs or can appear. At the same time, the definition of each of these phenomena will be different, depending on the area in which it occurs. Hence, the authors have made a far-reaching reduction in the types of dualisms, narrowing the area of research to the creative attitudes of urban planners, philosophers of space, artists, and architects in historical terms. The aim of the search for dual features in spatial forms is to find the key to a better understanding of the laws governing urban planning and urbanisation processes. Verification of opposites and dual characteristics takes place on three levels: community, form, and function. The urban conditions that occur contribute to the creation of new qualities and new spatial forms, which help redefine the city and its development. The paper is based on the thesis that dualism is a permanent feature of spatial solutions (a recurring feature) across the spectrum of history.

The BREEAM, the LEED and the DGNB certifications as an aspect of sustainable development

Anna Piętocha — Mon, 25 Mar 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Some of the most significant problems of industrialised countries are increasing consumerism, the growing demand for more and more energy and other natural resources, and the depletion of non-renewable sources. The visible consequences are environmental pollution and global warming. To address these issues, there is growing pressure on the use of alternative energy sources, the use of natural resources and the introduction of new technologies. The use of multi-criteria building certification systems, which evaluate their performance, is becoming increasingly common in the building industry. The BREEAM, the LEED, and the DGNB are among the most popular methods for assessing sustainable architecture, and they project management tools. The main task of the article was to define and describe the impact of documents related to sustainable development certificates on contemporary design and living and working conditions, as well as to demonstrate the relationship between the quality of architecture and environmental protection. Another goal is to indicate how dynamically the number of certificates issued in Poland is increasing. The study used the necessary research methods: analysis and criticism of applicable documents and literature, as well as an intuitive method based on personal experience. The scope of the work includes a discussion of the most frequently obtained certificates: the BREEAM, the LEED, and the DGNB, the achievements of which prove the use of solutions conducive to sustainable development.

The influence of excavation support construction on the settlement of adjacent structures

Mateusz Miszko, Matylda Tankiewicz — Mon, 22 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The paper presents an examination of the subsoil settlement in the neighbourhood of a deep excavation with particular reference to the excavation support construction method. Analysis was carried out for a selected deep excavation with a residential building in the vicinity. The most used technologies were considered, i.e., sheet pile walls, soldier pile walls, bored pile walls, and diaphragm walls. A total of 14 wall variants were examined to investigate the differences that certain characteristics have on the surrounding area. The impact of excavation support was assessed for two anchorage level schemes, taking into account three excavation phases. On this basis, the settlement profile next to the excavation wall was determined, and the settlement of the adjacent building was calculated. A key factor identified was the trench wall support scheme. Furthermore, a strong correlation was found between the stiffness of the wall and the maximum settlement observed.

The strength of complex compressed reinforced concrete structures utilising hollow concrete blocks

Vadim Griniov — Mon, 22 Apr 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Structures in which elements from different materials work together are successfully used in various combinations. Recently, new, effective construction materials and products have appeared. In complex or multi-component structures, elements made of materials with different physico-chemical or strain-strength characteristics should be sensibly combined for joint work. The more fully the properties of the components’ materials are utilised, the more efficient the design itself is. By analysing global practice, it can be seen that small concrete blocks have become widespread. The use of masonry made of hollow concrete blocks in modern construction differs from traditional ones in that the void area (up to 70%) makes it possible to create complex high-strength load-bearing structures by filling them with monolithic reinforced concrete. This also enables speeding up the construction process itself and reducing the cost of work on the construction site. The purpose of the study was to examine the strength of centrally compressed columns composed of hollow blocks and concrete filling with different transverse and longitudinal reinforcements, as well as to improve their calculation methodology. Experimental studies of centrally compressed columns, with different percentages of reinforcement using hollow concrete blocks as permanent formwork, have been carried out. The article presents the results of the research on strength, but the results of the strain studies were not included in this work. The proposed method of calculating complex constructions can be applied in design practice. A good correlation was observed between the experimental results and the results of the analytical model.