Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
The rapid urbanisation and rising demand for high-performance concrete (HPC) have driven research towards sustainable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective alternatives to traditional cement. Agricultural waste cementitious materials, such as fly ash, rice husk ash, and bagasse ash, have been used as cementitious material due to their pozzolanic properties. This review explores the feasibility of incorporating these agro-waste materials in high-strength reinforced concrete (HSRC) applications, focusing on their effects on the durability, sustainability and mechanical properties of concrete. Previous studies indicate that the partial replacement of cement (5–10%) with such waste materials can enhance the mechanical strength due to the additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels, which improve its microstructural densification. Moreover, this material’s fineness improves the durability by reducing its permeability, enhancing the sulphate and chloride resistance, and mitigating the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). Utilising agricultural waste also significantly lowers the related carbon emissions, minimises industrial waste disposal, and promotes sustainable construction practices. However, challenges such as the variability of the chemical composition, proper processing (grinding and calcination), and standardisation issues must be addressed for broader implementation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of agro-waste cementitious materials in HSRC, highlighting their benefits and limitations while emphasising the need for further research to optimise their performance and reliability in structural applications.
Article Details
ASTM International [ASTM] (2012). Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete (ASTM C618-12a). ASTM International.
Athira, V. S., Bahurudeen, A., Saljas, M. & Jayachandran, K. (2021). Infuence of diferent curing methods on mechanical and durability properties of alkali activated binders. Construction and Building Material, 299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123963 (Crossref)
Bureau of Indian Standards [BIS] (1991). Specification for Portland pozzolana cement (IS 1489:1991). Bureau of Indian Standards. Retrieved from https://www.bis.gov.in.
Duchesne, J. & Bérubé, M. A. (2001). Long-term efectiveness of supplementary cementing materials against alkali-silica reaction. Cement and Concrete Research, 31 (7), 1057‒1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00538-5 (Crossref)
Durdziński, P. T., Dunant, C. F., Ben, M. & Scrivener, K. L. (2015). A new quantifcation method based on SEM-EDS to assess fly ash composition and study the reaction of its individual components in hydrating cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research, 73, 111‒122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.02.008 (Crossref)
Embong, R., Shafiq, N., Kusbiantoro, A. & Nuruddin, M. F. (2016). Effectiveness of low concentration acid and solar drying as pre-treatment features for producing pozzolanic sugarcane bagasse ash. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112 (1), 953‒962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.066.112 (Crossref)
Gastaldini, A. L. G., Isaia, G. C., Hoppe, T. F., Missau, F. & Saciloto, A. P. (2009). Influence of the use of rice husk ash on the electrical resistivity of concrete: a technical and economic feasibility study. Construction and Building Materials, 23 (11), 3411–3419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.039 (Crossref)
Gupta, S. & Kashani, A. (2021). Utilization of biochar from unwashed peanut shell in cementitious building materials – effect on early age properties and environmental benefits. Fuel Process Technology, 218, 106841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106841 (Crossref)
Ha Thanh, L. (2014). Behaviour of Rice Husk Ash in Self-Compacting High Performance Concrete. F.A. Finger-Institut für Baustoffkunde, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar.
Hemalatha, T. & Ramaswamy, A. (2017). A review on fy ash characteristics – towards promoting, high volume utilization in developing sustainable concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production, 147, 546‒559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.114 (Crossref)
James, J. & Rao, M. S. (1986). Silica from rice husk through thermal decomposition. Thermochim Acta, 97 (C), 329–336. https://doi. org/10.1016/0040-6031(86)87035-6 (Crossref)
Jittin, V., Rithuparna, R., Bahurudeen, A. & Pachiappan, B. (2020). Synergistic use of typical agricultural and industrial by-products for ternary cement: a pathway for locally available resource utilisation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123448 (Crossref)
Kalifa, H. N., Jalaa, O. & Younes, Y. (2015). Effect of calcined and non calcined fly ash addition on the strength of concrete. Journal of Kerbala University, 13 (1), 141–148.
Kaniraj, S. R. & Havanagi, V. G. (1999). Compressive strength of cement stabilized fly ash-soil mixtures. Cement and Concrete Research, 29 (5), 673–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00018-6 (Crossref)
Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada, P. & Woerden, F. (2018). What a waste 2.0 a global snapshot of solid waste management to 2050. Washington DC: The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0 (Crossref)
Khan, A., De Jong, W., Jansens, P. & Spliethoff, H. (2009). Biomass combustion in fluidized bed boilers: Potential problems and remedies. Fuel Processing Technology, 90 (1), 21‒50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.07.012 (Crossref)
Kumar, C., Yaragal, S. C. & Das, B. (2020). Ferrochrome ash e its usage potential in alkali activated slag mortars. Journal of Cleaner Production, 257, 120577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120577 (Crossref)
Poudyal, L. & Adhikari, K. (2021). Environmental sustainability in cement industry: An integrated approach for green and economical cement production. Resources, Environment and Sustainability, 4, 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resenv.2021.100024 (Crossref)
Salim, W., Ndambuki, J. & Adedokun, D. (2014). Improving the Bearing Strength of Sandy Loam Soil Compressed Earth Block Bricks Using Sugercane Bagasse Ash. Sustainability, 6 (6), 3686‒3696. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6063686 (Crossref)
Saloni, P., Pham, T. M., Lim, Y. Y., Pradhan, S. S., Jatin & Kumar, J. (2021). Performance of rice husk ash-based sustainable geopolymer concrete with ultra-fine slag and corn cob ash. Construction and Building Materials, 279, 122526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122526 (Crossref)
Sanchez, F. & Sobolev, K. (2010). Nanotechnology in concrete – a review. Construction Building Material, 24 (11), 2060–2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.014 (Crossref)
Sharma, A. K. & Sivapullaiah, P. V. (2016). Ground granulated blast furnace slag amended fy ash as an expansive soil stabilizer. Soils and Foundations, 56 (2), 205‒212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2016.02.004 (Crossref)
Sathurshan, M. (2021). Untreated rice husk ash incorporated high strength self-compacting concrete: properties and environmental impact assessments. Environmental Challanges, 2, 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2020.100015 (Crossref)
Singh, J. & Singh, H. (2015). A review on utilization of rice husk ash in concrete. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology [IJIERT], 2 (11), 1–7.
Sultana, M. S. & Rahman, A. (2013). Characterization of calcined sugarcane bagasse sugarcane waste ash for industrial use. Conference. International Conference on Mechanical, Industrial and Materials Engineering 2013 (ICMIME2013), 1–3, 508–513.
Thomas, B. S. (2018). Green concrete partially comprised of rice husk ash as a supplementary cementitious material – a comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82 (3), 3913‒3923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.081 (Crossref)
Thomas, M. (2021). The effect of supplementary cementing materials on alkali-silica reaction: a review. Cement and Concrete Research, 41 (12), 1224‒1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.003 (Crossref)
Thomas, B. S., Yang, J., Bahurudeen, A., Abdalla, J. A. & Ashish, D. K. (2021a). Sugarcane bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material in concrete – a review. Materials Today Sustainability, 15 (100086). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2021.100086 (Crossref)
Thomas, B. S., Yang, J., Hung, K., Abdalla, J. A., Hawileh, R. A. & Ariyachandra, E. (2021b). Biomass ashes from agricultural wastes as supplementary cementitious materials or aggregate replacement in cement/geopolymer concrete: a comprehensive review. Journal of Building Engineering, 40, 102332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102332 (Crossref)
Vaičiukynienė, D., Nizevičienė, D., Kantautas, A., Kielė, A., & Bocullo, V. (2021). Alkali activated binders based on biomass bottom ash and silica by-product blends. Waste Biomass Valoriz, 12 (2), 1095–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-020-01042-0 (Crossref)
Zareei, S. A., Ameri, F., Dorostkar, F. & Ahmadi, M. (2017). Rice husk ash as a partial replacement of cement in high strength concrete containing micro silica: evaluating durability and mechanical properties. Case Study in Construction Material, 7, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2017.05.001 (Crossref)
Downloads
- Neha Bhardwaj, Senthil Kasilingam, Performance of agro-waste sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete under durability tests , Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura: Vol. 24 (2025)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.